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In professional American football, the Super Bowl is the championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game and its ancillary festivities constitute Super Bowl Sunday. Over the years it has become the most-watched U.S. television broadcast of the year, and has become likened to a de facto U.S. national holiday. In addition, many popular singers and musicians have performed during the Super Bowl's pre-game and halftime ceremonies. Super Bowl Sunday is the second-largest U.S. food consumption day, following Thanksgiving.^[1]

The Super Bowl was first played on January 15 1967 as part of an agreement between the NFL and its younger rival, the American Football League (AFL) in which each league's championship team would play each other in an "AFL-NFL World Championship Game". After the leagues merged in 1970, the Super Bowl became the NFL's championship game, played between the champions of the league's two conferences: the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC).

Since the NFL season extends into the New Year, the Super Bowl uses Roman numerals to identify each game, rather than the year it was held. For example, Super Bowl XLII, played in February 2008, was actually part of the 2007 season.

Contents 1 Origins 2 Game history 2.1 Packers' early dominance 2.2 AFL/AFC dominance 2.3 Two decades of NFC dominance 2.3.1 The 49ers lead the NFC domination of the '80s 2.3.2 The Cowboys dominate the early '90s 2.4 The AFC rises again 2.5 The Patriots establish a dynasty 2.6 Trends and statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 Footnotes 6 External links

[edit] Origins

The Super Bowl was created as part of the merger agreement between the National Football League (NFL) and its competitive rival, the American Football League (AFL). After its inception in 1920, the NFL fended off several rival leagues before the AFL began play in 1960. The intense competitive war for players and fans led to serious merger talks between the two leagues in 1966, culminating in a merger announcement on June 8, 1966.

One of the conditions of the AFL-NFL Merger was that the winners of each league's championship game would meet in a contest to determine the "world champion of football". According to NFL Films President Steve Sabol, then NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle wanted to call the game "The Big One".^[2] During the discussions to iron out the details, AFL founder and Kansas City Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt had jokingly referred to the proposed interleague championship as the "Super Bowl". Hunt thought of the name after seeing his kids playing with a toy called a Super Ball.^[3]; the small, round ball is now on display at the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio. The name was consistent with postseason college football games which had long been known as "bowl games". The "bowl" term originated from the Rose Bowl Game, which was in turn named for the bowl-shaped stadium in which it is played. Hunt only meant his suggested name to be a stopgap until a better one could be found. Nevertheless, the name "Super Bowl" became permanent.

After the NFL's Green Bay Packers convincingly won the first two Super Bowls, some team owners feared for the future of the merger. At the time, many doubted the competitiveness of AFL teams compared with NFL counterparts. That perception all changed with the AFL's New York Jets defeat of the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL Minnesota Vikings 23-7 and won Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, the last World Championship game played between the champions of the two leagues. The game is played annually on a Sunday as the final game of the NFL Playoffs. Originally the game took place in early to mid-January following a 14-game regular season and playoffs. Over the years the date of the Super Bowl has progressed from the second Sunday in January, to the third, then the fourth Sunday in January; the game is now played on the first Sunday in February, given the current 17-week (16 games and one bye week) regular season and three rounds of playoffs. This progression of the date of the Super Bowl has been caused by the following: the expansion of the NFL regular season in 1978 from 14 games to 16, the expansion of the pre-Super Bowl playoffs from two rounds to three (also in 1978), the addition of the regular season bye-week in the 1990s, and the decision prior to the 2003 season to start the regular season the week after Labor Day, moving the start of the season to a week later than it had been (in 1997, for example, the regular season started on Sunday, August 31). Former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle is often considered the mastermind of both the merger and the Super Bowl. His leadership guided them into the merger agreement and cemented the preeminence of the Super Bowl.

The winning team gets the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named for the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games and 3 of the 5 preceding NFL championships (1961-62, 1965). Following his death in September 1970, the trophy was then named the Vince Lombardi Trophy, first awarded as such to the Baltimore Colts at Super Bowl V in Miami. Super Bowl III was the first to be numbered. Super Bowls I and II were not known as such until the game's third year.

[edit] Game history

[edit] Packers' early dominance

The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and the Oakland Raiders. The Packers were led by quarterback Bart Starr, who was named MVP for both games. These two championships, along with the Packers' NFL championships in 1961, 1962,and 1965 have led many people to consider the Packers to be the "Team of the 1960s." Green Bay, Wisconsin is often referred to as "Title Town" by its own residents due to the five championships the Packers won in the 1960s and its twelve championships since the team began playing in 1919.

[edit] AFL/AFC dominance

Super Bowl III featured one of the biggest upsets in Super Bowl history as the New York Jets, behind the guarantee of Joe Namath, defeated the 18-point favorite Baltimore Colts 16-7. Namath, the MVP of the game, and Matt Snell, 121 yards on 30 carries with a touchdown, led the Jets to victory.

The 1970s were dominated by the Miami Dolphins and Pittsburgh Steelers, winning a combined six championships in the decade. Miami won Super Bowls VII and VIII, the former completing a perfect season, the only perfect season to date in NFL history. Pittsburgh won four Super Bowls (IX, X, XIII, and XIV) behind the coaching of Chuck Noll and play of Terry Bradshaw, Lynn Swann, and Franco Harris—each receiving at least one MVP award—and their "Steel Curtain" defense.

The only NFC franchise to win a Super Bowl during the decade was the Dallas Cowboys winning Super Bowls VI and XII.

[edit] Two decades of NFC dominance

After the Oakland Raiders won the Super Bowl at the conclusion of the 1980 season, the NFC went on to win 15 of the next 16 Super Bowls.

[edit] The 49ers lead the NFC domination of the '80s

The most successful franchise of the 1980s was the San Francisco 49ers, who won four Super Bowls in the decade (XVI, XIX, XXIII, and XXIV). The 49ers were led by coach Bill Walsh and quarterback Joe Montana. They were known for using the fast-paced west coast offense. The 1980s also included the 1985 Chicago Bears who finished the season 18-1, and two championships for the Joe Gibbs-coached Washington Redskins. The New York Giants also won their first Super Bowl during this time period.

[edit] The Cowboys dominate the early '90s

The Dallas Cowboys became the dominant team in the NFL in the early 1990s. After championships by division rivals New York and Washington to start the decade, the Cowboys won three of the next four Super Bowls. The Cowboys were led by Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irvin, the first two of whom won MVP awards. The early 1990s also featured the Buffalo Bills appearing in four consecutive Super Bowls, although they lost all of them. The 49ers became the first team to win five championships with their win in Super Bowl XXIX, with the Cowboys accomplishing that same feat a year later. As both teams began to fizzle late into the decade, another NFC powerhouse, the Green Bay Packers, led by multiple-MVP quarterback Brett Favre, emerged, winning Super Bowl XXXI following the 1996 season.

[edit] The AFC rises again

In Super Bowl XXXII, quarterback John Elway led the Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-game winning streak, and beginning a streak in which the AFC would win eight of the next ten Super Bowls. The Broncos would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIII the next year, over the Atlanta Falcons, in Elway's final game before retiring. After an NFC win by the St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV that made it appear the league had entered a period of parity between the conferences, the AFC continued its winning ways, with wins by the Baltimore Ravens and New England Patriots.

[edit] The Patriots establish a dynasty

The Patriots became the dominant team of the early 2000s, winning the championship in three of the first five years of the decade. In Super Bowl XXXVI Super Bowl MVP quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20-17 upset victory over the Rams. In the 2002 season, the Patriots missed the playoffs, but went on to win Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX. The Indianapolis Colts had the best season in 2006 and went on to win Super Bowl XLI. The Patriots not only came back in 2007, they also accomplished an NFL first, going undefeated over the course of a sixteen game season, which included a road win over the defending champion Colts. However, despite their dominating regular season performance, the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.

In late 2007 and early 2008, the legitimacy of the Patriots dynasty came into question, with revelations of the Patriots organization illegally videotaping other teams' signals and practicing players put on injured reserve. However in May 2008 the illegal videotaping investigation was determined by NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell to be completed with no further punishment needed. No conclusion was ever made as to how the videotaping affected the outcome of the games played in the 2007-08 season or if any effects existed at all.

[edit] Trends and statistics

The following trends occur regarding Super Bowl games:

• Teams scoring first are 27-15 (.643); 14-7 (.667) with a touchdown, 12-8 (.600) with a field goal and 1-0 with a safety.
• Teams scoring 32+ points are 18-0; 30+ points, 21-1 (.955); 20+ points, 37-10 (.787); under 20 points, 5-32 (.135); under 14 points, 0-17.
• Field goals have been converted in 40 of 42 Super Bowls to date.
• Teams scoring the game's first touchdown are 30-12 (.714); the game's first field goal, 22-18 (.550).
• Teams leading at halftime are 32-8 (.800). Two Super Bowls have been tied at halftime.
• Teams shutout in the first half are 0-11; in the second half 1-7 (.125).
• Higher seeded teams are 13-12 (.520) and NFC teams are 6-2 (.750) in Super Bowls matching same-numbered seeds, which thus far have always been #1 vs. #1. Playoff seedings were first instituted in the 1975 season.
• When the game matches two teams that played each other during the regular season, the regular season loser has won 7 of the 12 re-matches, including 5 of the last 6.
• Twenty-two Super Bowls have seen both teams hold the lead at least once.
• No team has ever won after trailing by more than 10 points at any time; likewise, no team has ever won after trailing by more than 7 points at halftime.
• Teams leading after three quarters are 35-6 (.854). One Super Bowl has been tied entering the fourth quarter.
• No Super Bowl has gone to overtime.
• No Super Bowl has ever been a shutout.
• No team or coach has ever won more than two consecutive Super Bowls

[edit] See also

• List of Super Bowl champions
• Super Bowl MVP
• Super Bowl records
• List of Super Bowl winning head coaches
• National Football League championships
• List of quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins
• List of Super Bowl officials
• AFC Championship Game
• NFC Championship Game

[edit] References

• 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book. Time Inc. Home Entertainment. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
• Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League. Harper Collins. ISBN 1-933405-32-5.
• The Sporting News Complete Super Bowl Book 1995. ISBN 0-89204-523-X.
• (2005) The Super Bowl: An Official Retrospective with DVD. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-48719-2.
• MacCambridge, Michael (2004). America's Game. Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.
• Chris Jones (2 February 2005). "NFL tightens restrictions on Super Bowl advertisements". Las Vegas Review-Journal.
• John Branch (4 February 2006). "Build It and They Will Come". The New York Times.
• Super Bowl play-by-plays from USA Today. Last accessed September 28, 2005.
• All-Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network. Last accessed October 16, 2005.
• 100 Greatest Super Bowl Moments by Kevin Jackson, Jeff Merron, and David Schoenfield; espn.com. Last accessed October 31, 2005.
• Various Authors - "SI's 25 Lost Treasures" - Sports Illustrated, July 11, 2005 p.114.
• "The Super Bowl I-VII." Lost Treasures of NFL Films. ESPN2. 26 January 2001.
• "MTV's Super Bowl Uncensored". MTV. 27 January 2001.
• "Talk Shows." CBS: 50 Years from Television City. CBS. 27 April 2002.

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] External links

• Official Super Bowl website
• America's Game - America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions, an NFL Films documentary of all Super Bowl winning teams